Computerised Interactive Remediation of Cognition and Thinking Skills

Professor Dame Til Wykes

Founder and Director

Professor Matteo Cella

NHS Clinical Lead & Training

Dr Rumina Taylor

Private Health Clinical Lead & Training

Dr Rebecca Thomas

Technical & Social Media Lead

Rachael Constable

Operations Manager

Cognitive remediation is a behavioural training intervention targeting cognition (attention, memory, executive function, social cognition, or metacognition), using scientific principles of learning, with the ultimate goal of improving functional outcomes. Its effectiveness is enhanced when provided in a context (formal or informal) that provides support and opportunity for extending to everyday functioning.

The following book is an essential resource on the background, theory, and delivery of CRT:

Wykes, T., & Reeder, C. (2005). Cognitive Remediation Therapy for Schizophrenia: Theory and Practice. Hove: Routledge.

Poppe, A., Bais, L., van Duin, D., Ćurčić-Blake, B., Pijnenborg, G.H.M. and van der Meer, L. (2025). Feasibility and acceptability of combining cognitive remediation and tDCS in long-term psychiatric clinical care. Schizophrenia Research: Cognition, 42, 100358.

Press, C., Bamford, J., Renwick L., Noke M., Drake R., & Husain N. (2025)

The feasibility of culturally adapted computerised cognitive remediation for first-episode psychosis. BJPsych Open, 11(2), e52.

McGuiness, A., Travethan, L., Irvin, K., Black, Y., Apps, J., … & Thomas, M. (2025).

The potential of cognitive remediation therapy for improving the communication capabilities of adults with schizophrenia and other psychotic spectrum disorders. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 60(1), e13141.

Tinch-Taylor, R., Pickles, A., Stringer, D., Csipke, E., Cella, M., … & Wykes, T. (2024).

Understanding the mechanisms of cognitive remediation on recovery in people with early psychosis: A mediation and moderation analysis. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 50(6), 1371–1381.

Wykes, T., Joyce, E., Csipke, E., Stringer, D., Pickles, A., … & Reeder, C. (2024).

Cognitive remediation therapy to enhance cognition and improve recovery in early psychosis: The ECLIPSE research programme including an RCT. Programme Grants for Applied Research, 12(4).

Cella, M., Parri, L., Wang, K., Quinn, R., Oyeleye, O., Jin, H., & Wykes, T. (2024).

Evaluating remote delivery of cognitive remediation in people with psychosis. Schizophrenia Research, 267, 367–372.

Parri, L. A., Barret, K., Hill, R., Hoque, A., Isok, I., … & Cella, M. (2024).

Evaluating the acceptability of remote cognitive remediation from the perspective of psychosis service users. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 52(5), 495–507.

Taylor, R., Crowther, A., Tinch‐Taylor, R., Lewin, C. D. C., Cali, C., Reeder, C., ... & Wykes, T. (2023).

Evaluation of a new online cognitive remediation therapy (CIRCuiTS™) training for mental health professionals. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice.

Tsapekos, D., Strawbridge, R., Cella, M., Goldsmith, K., Kalfas, M., Taylor, R. H., ... & Young, A. H. (2023).

Cognitive Remediation in Bipolar (CRiB2): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial assessing efficacy and mechanisms of cognitive remediation therapy compared to treatment as usual. BMC psychiatry, 23(1), 1-14.

Evans, J., Tinch-Taylor, R., Csipke, E., Cella, M., Pickles, A., McCrone, P., ... & Wykes, T. (2023).

Satisfaction with cognitive remediation therapy: its effects on implementation and outcomes using the cognitive remediation satisfaction scale. Schizophrenia, 9(1), 67.

Van Duin, D., Winter, L. D., Kroon, H., Veling, W., & van Weeghel, J. (2023).

Associations between learning principles of cognitive remediation and cognitive and vocational outcomes in early psychosis—an exploratory analysis of RCT data. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult, 1-11.

Frawley, E., Heary, C., Berry, C., Cella, M., Fowler, D., Wykes, T., & Donohoe, G. (2023).

Participant perspectives on cognitive remediation and social recovery in early psychosis (CReSt‐R): An acceptability study. Early Intervention in Psychiatry.

Wykes, T., Stringer, D., Boadu, J., Tinch-Taylor, R., Csipke, E., Cella, M., ... & Joyce, E. M. (2023).

Cognitive remediation works but how should we provide it? An adaptive randomized controlled trial of delivery methods using a patient nominated recovery outcome in first-episode participants. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 49(3), 614-625.

Frawley, E., Cowman, M., Cella, M., Cohen, D., Ryan, E., Hallahan, B., Bowie, C., McDonald, C., Fowler, D., Wykes, T., & Donohoe, G (2022).

Cognitive Remediation and Social Recovery in Early Psychosis (CReSt-R): protocol for a pilot randomised controlled study. Pilot Feasibility Studies, 8, 109.

Tsapekos, D., Strawbridge, R., Wykes, T., Young, A.H., & Cella, M. (2022).

Cognitive remediation for people with bipolar disorder: The contribution of session attendance and therapy components to cognitive and functional outcomes. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 152, 144-151.

Tsapekos, D., Strawbridge, R., Cella, M., Wykes, T., & Young, A.H. (2022).

Towards personalizing cognitive remediation therapy: Examining moderators of response for euthymic people with bipolar disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 151.

Vita, A., Barlati, S., Ceraso, A., Deste, G., Nibbio, G., & Wykes, T. (2022).

Acceptability of cognitive remediation for schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Psychological Medicine, 1-11.

Zhu, X., Fan, H., Zou, Y., Tan, Y., Yang, F., Wang, Z., Zhao, Y., Fan, F., Reeder, C., Zhou, D., Tan, S., & Wykes, T. (2022).

Computerized or manual? Long term effects of cognitive remediation on schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 239, 47-54.

Tsapekos, D., Strawbridge, R., Cella, M., Young, A., & Wykes, T. (2021).

Does cognitive improvement translate into functional changes? Exploring the transfer mechanisms of cognitive remediation therapy for euthymic people with bipolar disorder. Psychological Medicine, 1-9.

Strawbridge, B., Tsapekos, D., Hodsoll, J., Mantingh, T., Yalin, N., McCrone, P., Kankam-Boadu, J. B., Macritchie, K., Cella, M., Reeder, C., Fish, J., Wykes, T., & Young, A. (2021).

Cognitive Remediation Therapy for patients with bipolar disorder: A randomised proof-of-concept trial: CRT for bipolar disorders. Bipolar Disorders, 23(2), 198-208.

Seccomandi, B., Agbedjro, D., Bell, M., Keefe, R.S.E., Keshavan, M., Galderisi, S., Fiszdon, J., Mucci, A., Cavallaro, R., Ojeda, N., Peña, J., Müller, D., Roder, V., Wykes, T., & Cella, M. (2021).

Exploring the role of age as a moderator of cognitive remediation for people with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 228, 29-35.

Van Duin, D., de Winter, L., Kroon, H., Veling, W., & van Weeghel, J. (2021)

Effects of IPS plus cognitive remediation in early psychosis: 18-month functioning outcomes of a randomized controlled trial. Schizophrenia Research, 236, 115-122.

Pothier, W., Roy, M., Corbière, M., Thibaudeau, É., Achim, A.M., Wykes, T., Reeder, C., Chagnon, Y., & Cellard, C. (2020).

Personalized cognitive remediation therapy to facilitate return to work or to school in recent-onset psychosis. Neurocase, 26(6), 340-352.

Dark, F., Newman, E., Gore-Jones, V., De Monte, V., Garrido, M.I., Dzafic, I. (2020).

Randomised controlled trial of Compensatory Cognitive Training and a Computerised Cognitive Remediation programme. Trials, 21, 810.

Palumbo, D., Mucci, A., Giordano, G. M., Piegari, G., Aiello, C., Pietrafesa, D., ... & Galderisi, S. (2019)

The efficacy, feasibility and acceptability of a remotely accessible use of CIRCuiTS, a computerized cognitive remediation therapy program for schizophrenia: A pilot study. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 15, 3103.

Tsapekos, D., Taylor, R., & Cella, M. (2019)

Feasibility and acceptability of brief cognitive remediation targeting metacognition in acute inpatients with psychosis: a case series. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 29(3), 361-375.

Cella, M., & Wykes, T. (2019)

The nuts and bolts of cognitive remediation: exploring how different training components relate to cognitive and functional gains. Schizophrenia Research, 203, 12-16.

Thomas, M., & Rusten, K. (2019)

Trial implementation of CIRCuiTS cognitive remediation therapy for people with schizophrenia in Orange, New South Wales. Australian Journal of Rural Health, 27(5), 463-468.

Hyde, B., Thomas, M., Gullifer, J., & Dark, F. (2019)

Trial implementation of CIRCuiTS cognitive remediation therapy for people with schizophrenia in rural Australia: Therapists experiences. Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation and Mental Health, 1-10.

Hiekkala-Tiusanen, L., Halunen, M., Mehtälä, T., & Kieseppä, T. (2019)

Psykososiaaliset menetelmät skitsofrenian hoidossa ja kuntoutuksessa-sivuosasta tähtinäyttelijäksi? [Psychosocial methods in the treatment and rehabilitation of schizophrenia-from an extra to a star actor?]. Duodecim, 135(20), 2011-2019.

Wykes, T., Joyce, E., Velikonja, T., Watson, A., Aarons, G., Birchwood, M., ... & Greenwood, K. (2018)

The CIRCuiTS study: Implementation of cognitive remediation into Early Intervention Services: A randomised controlled trial. Trials, 19(183).

Allan, S., Cella, M., Wykes, T., & Perez, J. (2018)

Cognitive remediation therapy for psychotic major depressive disorder. The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders, 20(3).

Reeder, C., Huddy, V., Cella, M., Taylor, R., Greenwood, K., Landau, S., & Wykes, T. (2017)

A new generation computerised metacognitive cognitive remediation programme for schizophrenia (CIRCuiTS): A randomised controlled trial. Psychological Medicine, 47(15), 2720-2730.

Thibaudeau, É., Cellard, C., Reeder, C., Wykes, T., Ivers, H., Maziade, M., ... & Achim, A. M. (2017)

Improving theory of mind in schizophrenia by targeting cognition and metacognition with computerized cognitive remediation: A multiple case study. Schizophrenia Research and Treatment, 7203871.

Cellard, C., Reeder, C., Paradis-Giroux, A. A., Roy, M. A., Gilbert, E., Ivers, H., ... & Wykes, T. (2016)

A feasibility study of a new computerised cognitive remediation for young adults with schizophrenia. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 26(3), 321-344.

Reeder, C., Pile, V., Crawford, P., Cella, M., Rose, D., Wykes, T., ... & Callard, F. (2016)

The feasibility and acceptability to service users of CIRCuiTS, a computerized cognitive remediation therapy programme for schizophrenia. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 44(3), 288-305.

Cella, M., Reeder, C., & Wykes, T. (2016)

Group cognitive remediation for schizophrenia: Exploring the role of therapist support and metacognition. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 89(1), 1-14.

Masson, M., Wykes, T., Maziade, M., Reeder, C., Gariépy, M. A., Roy, M. A., ... & Cellard, C. (2015)

Top-down computerized cognitive remediation in schizophrenia: A case study of an individual with impairment in verbal fluency. Case Reports in Psychiatry, 242364.

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Drake, R. J., Day, C. J., Picucci, R., Warburton, J., Larkin, W., Husain, N., ... & Marshall, M. (2014)

A naturalistic, randomized, controlled trial combining cognitive remediation with cognitive–behavioural therapy after first-episode non-affective psychosis. Psychological Medicine, 44(9), 1889-1899.

CIRCuiTS™ is a standalone piece of software which has been developed under the strict quality system of King's College London. It is a CE- and UKCA-marked Class I medical device. This means that it has been certified in accordance with the Medical Devices Directive 93/42/EEC and the UK Medical Devices Regulations (2002) The Medical Devices (Amendment etc.) (EU Exit) Regulations 2020.

Yes it can. Check first that your client is comfortable using a tablet. CIRCuiTS™ provides both a client tutorial on using a touch screen and a therapist tutorial on delivering CIRCuiTS™ using a tablet. Please note that, as with a PC or laptop, an internet connection is required to use CIRCuiTS™ on a tablet.

CIRCuiTS™ can be used on the following tablet devices:

No, it is not possible to use CIRCuiTS™ on any mobile phone device. Mobile screens are too small to view and interact with the finer details of CIRCuiTS™.

CIRCuiTS™ is a psychological therapy which requires regular therapist supervision from someone with an understanding of Cognitive Remediation Therapy (CRT).

For novices relatively new to therapeutic work, one-to-one supervision should be received weekly for a minimum of one hour from an experienced CIRCuiTS™ therapist. This can drop to fortnightly supervision after the first few clients. Where access to an experienced CIRCuiTS™ therapist is not possible, advice on supervision should be sought from a member of the CIRCuiTS™ team.

CIRCuiTS™ is fully compliant with the current UK General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). No personal data about clients are stored anywhere on paper or electronically, and it is a requirement of therapists' use of CIRCuiTS™ that they comply with this. Our full Data and Privacy Policy is available on request, and there are resources in CIRCuiTS™ where clients and therapists can read about their data and rights.

A demo video of CIRCuiTS™ is available on the CIRCuiTS™ YouTube channel.

Yes, you can find information from the last 90 days on our Customer Performance Report page.